GRAIL probes launched at Kennedy Space Center
NASA managed to launch two near identical probes named GRAIL A and GRAIL B on board a relatively small Delta II rocket this morning. The launch was delayed from Thursday, because of high gusts, and there was some doubt whether this launch would happen as the initial launch time of approximately 8.00am this morning was scrubbed. Instead the launch occurred at 9.08am but much of Central Florida was covered in cloud making viewing very hit and miss.
This is the first mission dedicated to measuring lunar gravity and determining what’s inside Earth’s orbiting companion… the Moon … all the way down to its core. It will take close to four months for the spacecraft to reach the moon, a long, roundabout journey compared with the zippy three-day trip of the Apollo astronauts four decades ago.
“Grail, simply put, is a journey to the center of the moon,” said Ed Weiler, head of NASA’s science mission directorate, borrowing from the title of the Jule Verne science fiction classic, “Journey to the Center of the Earth.”
The world has launched more than 100 missions to the moon since the Soviet Union’s Luna probes in 1959 and that includes NASA’s six Apollo moon landings that put 12 men on the lunar surface.
NASA’s GRAIL twins, though, won’t actually land on the moon but will conduct their science survey from lunar orbit. Beginning in March 2012, after the spacecraft have reached an orbit of 34 miles above the moon’s surface, scientists will begin to monitor the slight variations in distance between the two to map the moon’s entire gravitational field. The measurements will continue through May.
“It will probe the interior of the moon and map its gravity field 100 to 1,000 times better than ever before. We will learn more about the interior of the moon with GRAIL than all previous lunar missions combined,” Weiler said.
At the same time, four cameras on each spacecraft will offer schoolchildren the opportunity to order up whatever pictures of the moon they want. The educational effort is spearheaded by Sally Ride, America’s first spacewoman.
The entire GRAIL mission costs $496 million and GRAIL’s chief investigator, Maria Zuber of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology said the precise lunar gravity measurements provided by this short mission will help her and other planetary scientists better understand how the moon evolved during the past 4 billion years. The findings also should help identify the composition of the moon’s core: whether it’s made of solid iron or possibly titanium oxide.
Another puzzle that GRAIL may help solve, Zuber said, is whether Earth indeed had a smaller second moon. Last month, astronomers suggested the two moons collided and the little one glommed onto the big one, a possible explanation for how the lunar highlands came to be.
Knowing where the moon’s gravity is stronger will enable the United States and other countries to better pinpoint landing locations for future explorers, whether robot or human. The gravity on the moon is uneven and about one-sixth Earth’s pull.
“If you want to land right next to a particular outcrop [of rock], you’re going to be able to do it,” Zuber said. “There will be no reason to do another gravity experiment of the moon in any of our lifetimes.”
Zuber said the GRAIL findings should eliminate cliffhangers like the Apollo 11 landing in 1969 by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin. They overshot their touchdown site in part because of the subtle gravity changes in the moon’s surface below and they almost ran out of fuel before safely touching down on the Sea of Tranquility.
“It will be easier next time,” Zuber promised.
For now though, NASA has no plans to return astronauts to the moon, Earth’s closest neighbor at approximately 240,000 miles away. That program, called Constellation, was canceled last year by President Obama who apparently favors asteroids and Mars as potential destinations in America’s future without the shuttle. Undoubtedly some folks would like to put him there for good!
This is the second planetary mission for NASA since the space shuttle program ended in July and it attracted a large crowd to Cape Canaveral with as many as 6,000 to 7,000 guests there for the morning liftoff.
The year’s grand finale will be the launch of the biggest Mars rover ever the day after Thanksgiving.
“NASA is still doing business even though the shuttles stopped flying,” Weiler told reporters earlier this week.
GRAIL is the 110th mission to target the moon, according to NASA records. Missions have been launched by the United States, Soviet Union, Japan, China and India.
